This flexible waxed or coated sheet is backed by a sheet of stiff card stock, with the two sheets bound at the top. Later this became an immersion-coated long-fibre paper, with the coating being a plasticized nitrocellulose. The image transfer medium was originally a stencil made from waxed mulberry paper. Mimeograph machines used by the Belgian resistance during World War II to produce underground newspapers and pamphlets One individual with a typewriter and the necessary equipment became their own printing factory, allowing for greater circulation of printed material. The mimeograph became popular because it was much cheaper than traditional print – there was neither typesetting nor skilled labor involved. The single drum (example Roneo) machine could be easily used for multi-color work by changing the drum – each of which contained ink of a different color. The single-drum machine used a single drum for ink transfer to the stencil, and the dual-drum machine used two drums and silk-screens to transfer the ink to the stencils. This invention provided for more automated, faster reproductions since the pages were produced and moved by rollers instead of pressing one single sheet at a time.īy 1900, two primary types of mimeographs had come into use: a single-drum machine and a dual-drum machine. This was one of the first rotary machines that retained the flatbed, which passed back and forth under inked rollers. In 1891, David Gestetner patented his Automatic Cyclostyle. ( Roneograph, also Roneo machine, was another trademark used for mimeograph machines, the name being a contraction of Rotary Neostyle.) Over time, the term became generic and is now an example of a genericized trademark. Dick Company of Chicago as the owner of the name. It is currently listed as a dead entry, but shows the A.B. 0356815 for the term mimeograph in the US Patent Office. The word mimeograph was first used by Albert Blake Dick when he licensed Edison's patents in 1887. In 1880, Edison obtained a further patent, US 224,665: "Method of Preparing Autographic Stencils for Printing," which covered the making of stencils using a file plate, a grooved metal plate on which the stencil was placed which perforated the stencil when written on with a blunt metal stylus. The patent covered the electric pen, used for making the stencil, and the flatbed duplicating press. Thomas Edison received US patent 180,857 for Autographic Printing on August 8, 1876. The process was commercialized and Zuccato applied for a patent in 1895 having stencils prepared by typewriting. This sheet – which had now become a stencil – was placed on a blank sheet of paper, and ink rolled over it so that the ink oozed through the holes, creating a duplicate on the second sheet. Zuccato's system involved writing on a sheet of varnished paper with caustic ink, which ate through the varnish and paper fibers, leaving holes where the writing had been. Its earliest form was invented in 1874 by Eugenio de Zuccato, a young Italian studying law in London, who called his device the Papyrograph. Use of stencils is an ancient art, but-through chemistry, papers, and presses-techniques advanced rapidly in the late nineteenth century:Ī description of the Papyrograph method of duplication was published by David Owen: Ī major beneficiary of the invention of synthetic dyes was a document reproduction technique known as stencil duplicating. Beginning in the late 1960s and continuing into the 1970s, photocopying gradually displaced mimeographs, spirit duplicators, and hectographs.įor even smaller quantities, up to about five, a typist would use carbon paper. Early fanzines were printed by mimeograph because the machines and supplies were widely available and inexpensive. Mimeographs, along with spirit duplicators and hectographs, were common technologies for printing small quantities of a document, as in office work, classroom materials, and church bulletins. The process is called mimeography, and a copy made by the process is a mimeograph. A mimeograph machine (often abbreviated to mimeo, sometimes called a stencil duplicator) is a low-cost duplicating machine that works by forcing ink through a stencil onto paper.
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